Biodiversity in the City of Toronto

There is so much diversity within my own city of Toronto.  More than just raccoons, skunks, squirrels, and chipmunks that we see on the streets or in our backyards, the city is teeming with wildlife.  The city has created a series of biodiversity booklets to help residents reconnect with nature and help cultivate a sense of stewardship:

• Birds of Toronto
• Butterflies of Toronto
• Spiders of Toronto
• Fishes of Toronto
• Mammals of Toronto
• Reptiles and Amphibians of Toronto
• Trees, Shrubs and Vines of Toronto
• Bees of Toronto
• Mushrooms of Toronto

These booklets are available in print at Toronto Public Library branches, and online.

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55... Fibonacci Numbers in Nature

You may notice that flowers have different numbered petals.  The calla lily has 1 petal, the Asiatic dayflower has 2 petals, the trillium has 3 petals, the buttercup has 5 petals, the bloodroot has 8 petals.

There's a pattern in these numbers:  1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8.  Each number in the sequence is the sum of the two numbers before it.  This sequence of numbers is the Fibonacci sequence.

Fibonacci numbers can be seen in nature through flower petal numbers.

Fibonacci numbers can also be seen in nature through spirals.  If you count the spirals in any one direction in a pinecone, a pineapple, or the seeds in a sunflower, the total number of spirals will be a Fibonacci number.

Another type of spiral from Fibonacci numbers is from a rectangle created from the numbers.  Starting from a square of a side of 1, then a side of 1, then a side of 2, and so forth, these squares circle around each other in sequence.  A spiral is formed when you connect the corners of these squares.  This type of spiral can be seen in nautilus shells.

Not everything follows Fibonacci numbers.  However, the commonality of this pattern in nature has fascinated scientists for centuries.

Take a look in nature and see if you can spot Fibonacci numbers.

For more on Fibonacci numbers:

• What is the Fibonacci Sequence?
• How are Fibonacci Numbers Expressed in Nature?
• Fibonacci Numbers and Nature
• Fibonacci's Missing Flowers

Appreciating Fieldwork in Biology

I don't think I really understood biology until I did fieldwork. 

I was introduced to fieldwork in university when I started to take field courses during my 3rd and 4th years in biology.  I took field courses at my university (York University) and at the Queen's University Biological Station (QUBS), studying plant and animal ecology, ornithology, ichthyology, and entomology.

I did fieldwork when I was hired by a professor one summer to do research in 2 provincial parks, and a national park in southwestern Ontario.

I did fieldwork for my honours thesis when I collected bees during that same summer.

Through all these experiences, I learned to appreciate and understand fieldwork, and long term data collection and its importance in scientific research and conservation efforts.  While I no longer study biology or am involved with research, I like to help out whenever I can.

One event is the Ontario BioBlitz.  This is an annual event where scientists, citizen scientists, and the general public come together over a 24-hour period to inventory all species in a given area, giving a snapshot of the biodiversity.

As a High Park Steward, I help to protect and restore the natural areas of the park.

It gives me great satisfaction to be able to participate in activities to help monitor and maintain our environment, and help keep our natural world beautiful.

Pi in Nature (Not Just Math!)

March 14 is a day to celebrate a famous mathematical constant - pi (π).  Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, known approximately as 3.14. 

While pi is commonly associated with math, it can also be seen in nature.

Pi appears as circles, such as water ripples, tree rings, and sunflower disks.

Pi appears in river bends.  The bendiness of a river, or sinuosity, is determined by its meandering ratio, which is the river's length along its winding path to the distance from the source to the oceans.  While rivers bend in all sorts of ways, the average ratio, according to a study, is approximately 3.14.

So in honour and awe of pi, on March 14, Pi Day, I will be celebrating with a piece of pie.

For more on pi in nature:

• Pi Day Pictures: Nature's Near-Perfect Circles
• The World is Full of Circles
• A person's take on pi:  A meandering tale: the truth about pi and rivers

Happy Pi Day!

Art Through Paper Folding

What do you get when you combine paper and butterflies together?  You get butterfly origami.

Origami is the art of paper folding.  I love origami.  My first introduction to origami, as may be the case with a lot of kids, was through folding a paper crane.  Who knew that you can transform a flat piece of paper, into a beautiful 3-dimensional object?

A few years ago, at an Origami Society of Toronto meeting, I learned how to fold a butterfly.  To learn how to fold more butterflies, they recommended the book Michael LaFosse's Origami Butterflies: Elegant Designs from a Master Folder.  Inspired by the butterfly that I just folded, I bought the book.  This instructional book is visually beautiful, and also comes with DVDs for audio-visual instructions.  I haven't yet learned how to fold every butterfly in the book, but it's a nice goal to work towards!

Happy folding!

Making a Difference Through Volunteer Vacations

Happy New Year!  The Green Bookmark returns after a hiatus.

The new year brings new beginnings, new reflections, new dreams, new goals, new aspirations, and new experiences.

For a global experience, consider a volunteer vacation.  Volunteer vacations combines travel and volunteering, and enables you to make a positive impact on the world.  Through volunteer vacations, you assist scientists with their research, and can take part in such research opportunities as studying the effects of climate change on the Arctic, or monitoring habitat loss in Costa Rica, or helping conserve wildlife along the Amazon Basin.

A resource that can help you get started is the book Volunteer Vacations: Short-Term Adventures That Will Benefit You and Others by Bill McMillon, Doug Cutchins, and Anne Geissinger.  It's a resource that lists organizations that are involved with volunteer vacations.  It provides information such as project type, geographic location of where the research takes place, length of placement, costs, and any skills that are required.

It's a very convenient guide and a great starting point.  Once you get an idea of what organizations matches your interests, follow-up with checking their websites for more details on projects that are available.

Volunteering is a rewarding experience.  Have a look at this book, and be inspired to make a difference in the world.

Hiking in Toronto

I used to think that hiking meant you had to drive hours out of the city to find trails in a forest somewhere.  However, you may find that nature is not too far away.

Many years ago, I came across the book Great Country Walks Around Toronto: Within Reach by Public Transit by Elliott Katz.  With this book, I learned about the numerous trails in parks and in open natural spaces, and those nestled and hidden in between residential areas and roads.

What I liked about this book is that it includes detailed maps and descriptions of the trails (knowing what kind of fork in the road or bridge to expect next), and how to get to the trails by public transit (what bus to take, where to get off) and car (what streets to take, where to park).  Its compact, pocket book size makes it easy to carry around too, which is a great advantage when you're already carrying around your personal items, a water bottle, and field guide books.

This resource opened up my eyes to the numerous trails within my own city of Toronto.  This book helped me discover nature within my own city, and that you can escape the city even when you're still in the city.